Failure of the Legal System in Atonement, Wonder Boys and The Round Hou

The code of Hammurabi, dating back to 1772 BC, is one of the oldest recorded legal codes and reflects the early Babylonians’ views of justice. The code is best known for â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† By enumerating punishments for certain crimes the code removes ambiguity and combined with its relatively harsh penalties, especially on lower class citizens, served as an effective deterrent. More profoundly however, Hammurabi’s code formally shifted justice-seeking responsibilities from the individual to the state. Today, most modern legal systems are structured similarly to Hammurabi’s code with their own codified laws and listed punishments. Capital punishment and the idea that â€Å"the punishment should fit he crime† are derivatives from the ancient text that are widespread in the world today. Hammurabi’s code however was not without fault. Pervasive throughout the archetype of modern law are inequitable punishments determined by one’s social standing. For example, the 8th law of Hammurabi’s code states, â€Å"If any one steel cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefore; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death† (King). Both the social standing of the violator and the victim of the crime played a large role in determining what the penalty would be. Today, our view of justice has ostensibly metamorphosed, to the extent that most people today would recognize that the 8th law from Hammurabi’s code was prejudiced and wrong. Although some may wish to remove themselves from such an unjust system, the reality is that we are not far from it. The mode... ...sity, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. . Lee, Jaeah, and Brett Bownell. "Charts: Why You're in Deep Trouble If You Can't Afford a Lawyer." Mother Jones. Mother Jones, 1 July 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. . McEwan, Ian. Atonement: A Novel. New York: N.A. Talese/Doubleday, 2002. Print. Stevenson, Bryan. "We Need to Talk about an Injustice." TED: Ideas worth Spreading. TED Talks, Mar. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. Wright, Paul. "Prison Legal News - Legal Articles, Cases and Court Decisions." Prison Legal News. Prison Legal News, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .

Exercise and Healthy Diet for Obesity

Exercise and Healthy Diet for Obesity Obesity is a medical condition that requires long term treatment and intervention in which a regular exercise and healthy diet are probably the most believable two important treatments that could help altering the clinical course of obesity. First of all, exercising on a regular basis is believed to be one of the two most essential factors helping you to get a better health condition. This is because exercising is a process of using the amount of energy from the fat stored in your body.There are many types of exercise in which different modes of exercise produce different physiological responses. However, in my opinion, I think that the most effective type of exercise would be aerobic exercise such as jogging, running, cycling, and swimming. Aerobic exercise most requires you to extensively work out on your large muscles group which particularly includes your leg and core muscles. Moreover, this mode of exercise should take between 30 to 60 minut es and 3 to 5 days per week.As you are exercising, your maximum heart rate intensity should be between 55 to 65 percent of your maximum heart rate, recommended for weight loss. Nonetheless, all beginners should initially start their exercise with a low intensity as the beginners are easily at high risk of joints injury, if you do not begin at the low intensity. In addition to aerobic exercise, there is also another effective mode of exercise which is known as anaerobic exercise whereby weight training is the most common activity for anaerobic exercise.Weight training activity allows your particular muscles to work more and therefore gains more muscle mass. As your muscle mass increases, the rate of metabolism in your body increases as well. Therefore, it is better for you to work on both types of exercise including aerobic and anaerobic exercises as these two modes of exercise would give you a better result in losing your weight. Next, another powerful factor for weight loss besides a regular exercise is ‘a healthy diet’ in which this would effectively help you to lose weight as well.Healthy diet means low calories, low fat, high protein, and carbohydrate restriction in your daily food consumptions. Moreover, this simply means that to eat healthy is to pick fruits or vegetables for the week, plan a meatless day, prefer beans for protein, reduce fat from meats, eat more home cooking and snack with fruits. The power of healthy diet can help you to decrease your body fat more constantly and that would help you to better achieve weight loss.Hence, it is very important that you should refrain from eating sweets and fried food if it is not necessary and instead focusing more on the food with high protein and fibre. However, ‘fasting’ is strictly prohibited for healthy diet as each particular meal should include an adequate five food categories; which are carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, and fibre. Fasting or dieting could cause you to b e starved and that would lead you to malnutrition, which is harmful to your health as your rate of metabolic and muscle mass would reduce rapidly.Metabolic rate of the body is reduced due to fasting or dieting is when your digestive system of your body does not work as well as it does and if when you return to your normal eating, there is a high of possibility for you to get Yo-Yo Effect that might cause you to even gain more weight in a short time. Last but not least, either regular exercise or healthy diet could essentially help you to alter the clinical course of obesity.As regular exercise would decrease your heart rate, blood pressure, cholesterol, body fat and also improve your muscle functions, which these can help the obesity to alter their clinical course. Hence, healthy diet also helps you to decrease your unwanted body fat and increase your rate of metabolism as well. Therefore, it is recommended for the obesity that you should both work on your regular exercise and eat h ealthy food as if you do them together, the more faster the more healthy of your body will become.

Critical Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven The WritePass Journal

Critical Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven Introduction Critical Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Edgar Allen Poe, when people see his name many think of scary or melancholy.   He has written many literary works that have traveled through the ages and become classics studied everywhere.   The Raven published in January of 1845 by The Evening Mirror was the poem that escalated Poe into poet status. Originally it is said that Poe went to his former employer a man named Rex Graham and tried to sell the poem to him but was politely declined but given 15 dollars as a simple charity.1 He later sold the poem to The American Review which gave him 9 dollars for it but published under a pseudonym of Quarles which was an English poet at the time.   It was not until January 29, 1845 that The Evening Mirror gave Poe his fame and published The Raven under his actual name.   The poem was an instant success and set his writing career soaring.   There was much debate and discussion about the meaning and the symbolism of this poem once published.   It caused quite a stir in the literary community.   Critical opinion was divided as to this poems status but it has remained one of the most famous poems ever written. Because of the poems great success Poe wrote a follow up essay called The Philosophy of Composition which described the working of The Raven.   He stated that the poem was written as if it was a mathematical problem.   He stressed that the reader must be able to read the poem in its entirety in just one sitting.   He believed you lost the meaning of the poem and the reader if they had to come back to it.   They should be able to take it all in one read.   Poe stated that a poem should stay somewhere around a hundred lines.   The Raven has exactly 108 lines.   This poem was actually written backwards.   He wrote the 3rd to the last stanza first and then wrote backwards from there.   He stated that the effect was determined first then the whole plot so the web will grow backwards from there for a single effect.   Poe was a great believer that to truly write anything one must first have a truly great plot. The symbolism in The Raven has been the most debated. Poes use of a raven in his poem has always been of great interest.   Many believe he drew from many references.   In Norse mythology Odin had two ravens Huginn and Muninn which represented though and memory. The book of Genesis makes the raven out to be a bird of ill omen.   According to Hebrew folklore, Noah sends a white raven out to check conditions while on the ark.   It learns that the flood waters are receding, but doesnt come immediately back with the news.   It is punished by being turned black and forced to feed on carrion forever.2 According to Adams in Ovidss Metamorphoses, a raven also begins as white before Apollo punishes it by turning it black for delivering a message of a lovers unfaithfulness.3  Ã‚   A lot of his critics believe this is some of the history he may have pulled upon when deciding about what type of bird to use.   By choosing the raven it made the poem more dark and supernatural , especially when Poe is describing the environment the young lover is sitting in while pining over his lost Lenore.   In The Philosophy of Composition Poe stated that he had actually considered using a parrot for the bird but it did not give the supernatural and foreboding feeling that the raven would. The ravens only spoken word through the whole poem is nevermore.   To give this more power in the poem he has the bird come in an perch on the bust of Pallus.   This represents the goddess of wisdom.   He chose this so that when the raven speaks the words nevermore it will possibly give him an air of wisdom instead stock and store being the only word he knows and just speaks it randomly.   He believed by using the raven and having it speak this one word throughout the whole poem it made the nevermores much more powerful when spoken in response to the narrator or young mans questions.   Each time the narrator would ask a question the raven simply answered nevermore.   He wanted to use something that would be utterly non-reasoning so it would have a powerful meaning when speaking, thus the use of the bird. The poem is about an allegedly young man who is sitting alone on a dark and very bleak December night pining over the loss of his one true love Lenore.   He is reading books of lore to help ease the pain of his loss.   It is then that he hears the tapping on the chamber door and opens it to find only emptiness. One can almost feel the bleakness and the loneness he must have felt being alone in his study with barely a fire left and everything dark around him.   It almost is letting you think he is completely lost in his own misery from his loss.   Everything is bleak and dark.   When the raven comes a tapping he at first is startled and then starts questioning that maybe it is something else.   He believes it could be the devil come to torture him over his loss.   He says the raven is from the nights plutonian shore or a messenger for the afterlife.   When after each inquiry he gives the bird it only responds as nevermore.   At first the nevermore response is taken as a silly bird that has only learned only one word and has accidentally flown from his master place, but when the bird actually makes his appearance and sits upon the bust of Pallus the young narrator starts to think maybe there is more to this raven than meets the eye. When the bird has perched upon the bust the young man is mesmerized by his presence and pulls up a chair.   He is now cast in the shadow of this mysterious bird and cannot leave his spot.   He believes many different things of this bird always inquiring about his lost Lenore.   The bird simply answers nevermore.   This at first agitates the man but as the poem continues towards the end he simply admits that his soul is trapped forever under the ravens shadow not to be lifted nevermore.   Here is when one could believe that this is the turning point where the young narrator has finally given in to his sadness and simply doesnt want to go on anymore without his beloved Lenore. The poem is actually sad.   A young man has lost the love of his life and is simply alone in this world and is having trouble entertaining the thought of going on without his missed and mourned love. The whole mood of this poem is very Poe.   Its dark and melancholy and scary no wonder so many have reprinted it.   Another thing this poem is noted for is its poetic structure.   This poem was made up of 18 stanzas with 6 lines each.   According to Richard Kopely the meter is trochaic octameter-eight trochaic feet per line, with each foot having one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.4  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poe claims that the poem is a combination of octameter acatalectic, heptameter catalectic and tetrameter catalectic.   The rhyme scheme is ABCBBB or AA,B,CC,CB,B,B when accounting for the internal rhyme.5 Another structure that this poem uses heavily is alliteration.   Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds in a series of words.   An example would be such as doubting, dreaming dreams.   Edgar Allen Poe was also reported as having a very extensive vocabulary. He would many times use words that were not commonly used.   In The Raven Poe used ancient and poetic language together because he thought it was appropriate because of the meaning of the poem,   A young lover who spends most of his time with books of forgotten Lore.   Examples of words he used in this poem are Seraphim which is a six winged angel standing in the presence of God. Another is Nepenthe which is a potion used by ancients to induce forgetfulness or sorrow.   Balm of Gilead is a soothing ointment made in Palestine. Plutonian the God of the underworld in Roman mythology. Poe believed the use of these words only enhanced the meaning he wanted to achieve in writing The Raven.  Ã‚   The internal words of rapping and tapping and napping create an internal rhyme that is said to be almost musical and combined with the alliteration it becomes hypnotic.   Onomatopoeia is also used throughout this poem.   This is words that sound like what they describe.   An example would be in lines 13-18 where rustling is used. As mentioned earlier the publication of the The Raven made Edgar Allen Poe and instant success.   Not only was it printed for its large demand but also parodied.   These showed up all over the North.   There were some downfalls to this publication.   Although loved and adored there were some who simply did not believe he actually wrote it.   Some believed he stole it from a Charles Dickens Story titled Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty.   The ravens in both stories are said to bear a great resemblance.   An anonymous writer is said to have written in to The Evening Mirror the publication who printed The Raven and suggested that it was plagiarized from a poem called The Bird of the Dream by an unnamed author.   They stated that 18 similarities between the poems existed.   At Poes death his friend Thomas Chivers claimed that Poes Raven was plagiarized from one of his poems and also claimed he was the inspiration for the meter of the poem.   Whatever the case Edgar Allen Poe will always be the one credited for the great masterpiece.   Many speculate that he wrote this poem in either 10 days or maybe 10 years one will never know.   This poem did not bring him much financial success but did make him a literary success.   His friend Elizabeth Barett wrote and told Poe that his raven had created a big sensation over in England.   Many of her friends are overtaken with fear while others are by the music the lyrics seem to display as you read.   Poe received many invitations public and private to recite this poem.   Many thought just to hear him recite this poem was an event in ones life.   Poe would come in and turn the lamp light low until the entire room was almost dark.   He would then stand near the center of the room and start to recite his poem in a very commanding voice.   It was state that the chosen he read this poem to were so mesmerized that they would almost not draw a breathe out of fright until he was done reading this poem.   It takes quite a literary genius to illicit this kind of resonse from an audience listening to something you wrote.   One can only imagine what the mood of the room must have been like, the room dark and foreboding and then one lone voice speaking of a lone young man who is lost and lonely and mourning the loss of his love.   It takes a gifted writer to bring these kinds of emotions to a reader.   Not many have come down in our literary history, especially one who can bring so many emotions to the table when reading one of his poems.   All of his works seem to bring signs of foreboding or gloom around the corner.   Edgar Allen Poe is renowned with this reputation.   If it is dark and melancholy then it has to be Poe. References 1. Silverman, Kenneth, Edgar A Poe: Mournful and never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial. Pg 237 2.   Hirsch, David H. The Raven and the Nightingale .pg 195 3.   Adams, John.Classical Raven Lore and Poes Raven in Poe Studies. Vol. V, no. 2, December 1972. Pg 53 4. Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. Two verse masterworks: The Raven and Ulalume, collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allen Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. New York: Cambridge University press, 2002. Pg 192-193 5. Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allen Poe: A to Z. New York City: Checkmark Books, 2001. Pg 208

Parallel Structure with Prepositions

Parallel Structure with Prepositions Parallel Structure with Prepositions Parallel Structure with Prepositions By Mark Nichol Writers often mistakenly withhold repetition of prepositions with corresponding sentence elements in the erroneous belief that those elements can share a single preposition. In each of the following sentences, a repeated preposition is missing, and a discussion after each example explains the problem and a revision resolves it. 1. These developments are significant as the cost and influence of regulation on business models remain high in many industries. This sentence’s construction implies that cost can share the preposition of with influence, but it requires its own, because cost is parallel not to influence but to â€Å"influence of regulation on†: â€Å"These developments are significant as the cost of, and influence of regulation on, business models remain high in many industries.† 2. Such dysfunction can arise from incentives that do not encourage resiliency and management being out of touch with the customer. Similar to the problem in the previous sentence, from should be repeated before management so that the reader is not led to believe that management corresponds to resiliency rather than to incentives: â€Å"Such dysfunction can arise from incentives that do not encourage resiliency and from management being out of touch with the customer.† 3. They are designing preventive and detective control activities that are effective in the new environment, both from a risk-management and operational-scalability perspective. For the phrasal adjectives â€Å"risk management† and â€Å"operational scalability† to be fully parallel, legitimately sharing the noun perspective, the second phrase must, like the first phrase, be preceded by an article: â€Å"They are designing preventive and detective control activities that are effective in the new environment, both from a risk-management and an operational-scalability perspective.† (Better yet, do so and transpose both and from and repeat perspective after each phrasal adjective: â€Å"They are designing preventive and detective control activities that are effective in the new environment, from both a risk-management perspective and an operational-scalability perspective.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of Rhyme50 Idioms About Roads and Paths6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know

A Beginners Guide to Statistics

A Beginners Guide to Statistics How many calories did each of us eat for breakfast? How far from home did everyone travel today? How big is the place that we call home? How many other people call it home? To make sense of all of this information, certain tools and ways of thinking are necessary. The mathematical science called statistics is what helps us to deal with this information overload. Statistics is the study of numerical information, called data. Statisticians acquire, organize, and analyze data. Each part of this process is also scrutinized. The techniques of statistics are applied to a multitude of other areas of knowledge. Below is an introduction to some of the main topics throughout statistics. Populations and Samples One of the recurring themes of statistics is that we are able to say something about a large group based on the study of a relatively small portion of that group. The group as a whole is known as the population. The portion of the group that we study is the sample. As an example of this, suppose we wanted to know the average height of people living in the United States. We could try to measure over 300 million people, but this would be infeasible. It would be a logistical nightmare conduct the measurements in such a way that no one was missed and no one was counted twice. Due to the impossible nature of measuring everyone in the United States, we could instead use statistics. Rather than finding the heights of everyone in the population, we take a statistical sample of a few thousand. If we have sampled the population correctly, then the average height of the sample will be very close to the average height of the population. Acquiring Data To draw good conclusions, we need good data to work with. The way that we sample a population to obtain this data should always be scrutinized. Which kind of sample we use depends on what question we’re asking about the population. The most commonly used samples are: Simple RandomStratifiedClustered It’s equally important to know how the measurement of the sample is conducted. To go back to the above example, how do we acquire the heights of those in our sample? Do we let people report their own height on a questionnaire?Do several researchers throughout the country measure different people and report their results?Does a single researcher measure everyone in the sample with the same tape measure? Each of these ways of obtaining the data has its advantages and drawbacks. Anyone using the data from this study would want to know how it was obtained. Organizing the Data Sometimes there is a multitude of data, and we can literally get lost in all of the details. It’s hard to see the forest for the trees. That’s why it’s important to keep our data well organized. Careful organization and graphical displays of the data help us to spot patterns and trends before we actually do any calculations. Since the way that we graphically present our data depends upon a variety of factors. Common graphs are: Pie charts or circle graphsBar or pareto graphsScatterplotsTime plotsStem and leaf plotsBox and whisker graphs In addition to these well-known graphs, there are others that are used in specialized situations. Descriptive Statistics One way to analyze data is called descriptive statistics. Here the goal is to calculate quantities that describe our data. Numbers called the mean, median and mode are all used to indicate the average or center of the data. The range and standard deviation are used to say how spread out the data is. More complicated techniques, such as correlation and regression describe data that is paired. Inferential Statistics When we begin with a sample and then try to infer something about the population, we are using inferential statistics. In working with this area of statistics, the topic of hypothesis testing arises. Here we see the scientific nature of the subject of statistics, as we state a hypothesis, then use statistical tools with our sample to determine the likelihood that we need to reject the hypothesis or not. This explanation is really just scratching the surface of this very useful part of statistics. Applications of Statistics It is no exaggeration to say that the tools of statistics are used by nearly every field of scientific research. Here are a few areas that rely heavily on statistics: PsychologyEconomicsMedicineAdvertisingDemography The Foundations of Statistics Although some think of statistics as a branch of mathematics, it is better to think of it as a discipline that is founded upon mathematics. Specifically, statistics is built up from the field of mathematics known as probability. Probability gives us a way to determine how likely an event is to occur. It also gives us a way to talk about randomness. This is key to statistics because the typical sample needs to be randomly selected from the population. Probability was first studied in the 1700s by mathematicians such as Pascal and Fermat. The 1700s also marked the beginning of statistics. Statistics continued to grow from its probability roots and really took off in the 1800s. Today, it’s theoretical scope continues to be enlarged in what is known as mathematical statistics.

Why Islamic Financial Institutions in Need for Corporate Governance Essay

Why Islamic Financial Institutions in Need for Corporate Governance Legal Framework - Essay Example Islamic finanical systems were particularly sucessful in the pre-colonial era but were methodologicaly replaced by conventional financial institutions during the colonial era. However over the last thirty or so years, Islamic financial institutions have been making a formidible comeback. Today Islamic financial systems have not only been established in Islamic states, but also internationally. Moreover, a number of conventional banks are also offering Islamic financial services evidencing the global acceptance of Islamic financial institutions. According to the World Bank, Islamic fiancial services are offered globally via 284 financial institutions in 38 countries which are Islamic and non-Islamic states. Like any financial institution, good and effective corporate governance is necessary for the effective and efficient functioning of the institution and for the protection of stakeholder interests. The stakeholder insterest are not always monetary in nature and can include ethics, values and/or religion. For Islamic financial institution, the amin interests of stakeholders is that the institution offering Islamic financial services comply with Shariah principles. Thus Shariah-compliant functioning in an Islamic financial insitution is the key component of corporate governance in Islamic financial institutions. ... However over the last thirty or so years, Islamic financial institutions have been making a formidible comeback. Today Islamic financial systems have not only been established in Islamic states, but also internationally. Moreover, a number of conventional banks are also offering Islamic financial services evidencing the global acceptance of Islamic financial institutions.1 According to the World Bank, Islamic fiancial services are offered globally via 284 financial institutions in 38 countries which are Islamic and non-Islamic states.2 Like any financial institution, good and effective corporate governance is necessary for the effective and efficient functioning of the institution and for the protection of stakeholder interests. The stakeholder insterest are not always monetary in nature and can include ethics, values and/or religion. For Islamic financial institution, the amin interests of stakeholders is that the institution offering Islamic financial services comply with Shariah p rinciples. Thus Shariah-compliant functioning in an Islamic financial insitution is the key component of corporate governance in Islamic financial institutions.3 The challenge for Islamic financial institutions in formulating good and effective corporate governance constructs is reconciling Shariah-compliant principles with the interests of all stakeholders.4 The stakeholder relationship in Islamic financial institutions is different from conventional financial institutions because profit and risk sharing principles change the nature of the stakeholder relationship.5 Moreover, the definition of property also changes the Islamic financial institution’s perspective on corporate

Fundatn Stage Currculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fundatn Stage Currculum - Essay Example wll further dscuss the ssues cncernng the Fundatn Stage n educatn whch are the ssues f prmary currculum where the chldren f 4-6 years ld are educated. The fundatn stage was ntrduced as a dstnct phase f educatn fr chldren aged 3-5 n September 2000. n preparatn, Currculum gudance fr the fundatn stage was dstrbuted n May 2000 t all schls wth nursery and receptn classes, and t early years settngs recevng nursery educatn grant fundng. Ths gudance sets ut sx areas f learnng whch frm the bass f the fundatn stage currculum. These areas are: The sx areas f learnng cverng chldren's physcal, ntellectual, emtnal and scal develpment were gruped nt 13 categres. They shwed gaps f 12 r 13 percentage pnts between grls and bys n the persnal, scal and emtnal develpment categres, and a 12-pnt dfference n ther wrtng ablty. Each area f learnng has a set f related early learnng gals. Currculum gudance fr the fundatn stage s ntended t help practtners plan t meet the dverse needs f all chldren s that mst wll acheve and sme, where apprprate, wll g beynd the early learnng gals by the end f the fundatn stage. The Educatn Act 2002 extended the Natnal Currculum t nclude the fundatn stage. The sx areas f learnng became statutry, and the Act als specfed that there shuld be early learnng gals fr each f the areas. A natnal cnsultatn n the cntent f the early learnng gals as set ut n Currculum gudance fr the fundatn stage was carred ut n autumn 2002. Fllwng ths cnsultatn the early learnng gals, and use f the Currculum gudance as a gude, became statutry n March 2002.The data, based n receptn class teachers' assessments f fur and fve-year-lds n 2003, was publshed at the end f June 2004 by the Department fr Educatn and Sklls. t shwed that grls were ahead f bys verall, n that grls were ether meetng r wrkng beynd the Early Learnng Gals, whle mre bys were wrkng twards the gals.The Act als establshed a sngle natnal assessment system fr the fundatn stage, replacng baselne assessment schemes. The Fundatn stage prfle was ntrduced nt schls and settngs n 2002-3. TheFundatn stage prflehas 13 summary scales c verng the sx areas f learnng, whch need t be cmpleted fr each chld recevng gvernment-funded educatn by the end f hs r her tme n the fundatn stage. Legslatn relatng t the currculum and assessment n the fundatn stage s set ut n the fllwng Statutry nstruments, bth f whch are avalable frm HMS: The Educatn (Natnal Currculum) (Fundatn Stage Early Learnng Gals) (England) rder 2003 (Statutry nstrument 2003 N.391) The Educatn (Natnal Currculum) (Fundatn Stage Prfle Assessment Arrangements) (England) rder 2003 (Statutry nstrument 2003 N.1327) The fundatn stage s the frst part f the Natnal Currculum, fcusng n the dstnct needs f chldren aged three t the end f the receptn year (age fve). The fundatn stage s delvered n a range f settngs ncludng pre-schl grups, early years centres, nursery and receptn classes. Early years settngs n recept f